Cybertelecom Federal Internet Law & Policy An Educational Project

International: Europe

Europe

• European Union Information society and telecommunications
• European Commission:  Internet Policies Homepage
• European Internet Foundation
• See Cybercrime Treaty.
• See Internet Interconnection Disputes Investigation 2014
  • Orange, Contribution of Orange France Telecom Group to BEREC Public Consultation On an assessment of IP interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, 31 July 2012 “With the increase in asymmetric traffic flows, [settlementfree peering] no longer applies because one party incurs more costs than the other and balance is not guaranteed.”
  • Telekom Austria, Telekom Austria Group’s Comments on Guidelines for Quality of Service in the scope of Net Neutrality and Differentiation practices and related competition issues in the scope of Net Neutrality and an assessment of IP-interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, 31 July 2012 “one reason for having requirements on traffic ratios [for peering] is to be able to agree on a cost sharing of these costs”.
• OECD invites public comment on the Future of the Internet Economy, OECD 7/27/2007
• OECD urges government and industry to overhaul consumer protection for Internet and other shoppers, OECD 7/18/2007
• EC Workshop on NGN Policy and Regulatory Issues, ITU 5/17/2005
• Online Government now a reality almost everywhere in the EU, says Commission survey, Europa 3/9/2005
• EU research in Information Society Technologies: 3 success stories, Europa 2/22/2005
• Brian Kahin , Information process patents in the U.S. and Europe: Policy avoidance and policy divergence, TPRC 9/13/03
• Junghyun Kim, Johannes M. Bauer, Steven S. Wildman , Broadband uptake in OECD countries: Policy lessons from comparative statistical analysis, TPRC 9/13/03
• Building the Knowledge Society: Social and Human Capital Interactions – Commission Staff Working Document - SEC (2003)652
• Building social and human capital in the knowledge society: learning, work, social cohesion and gender - Council Resolution 2003/C 175/02
• ICT and Social Capital in the Knowledge society – Report on a Joint DG JRC/DG Employment Workshop, IPTS, Seville – 3-4 November 2003
• "The Digital Divide: Opportunities and Threats at the Verge of EU Enlargement" Janus Workshop – Brussels, 23 Jan 2003
• "e-Inclusion - The Information Society's potential for social inclusion in Europe" - Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2001)1428
• e-Europe 2005 Action Plan: An information society for all -COM (2002) 263 Final
• e-Europe+ 2003 Action Plan–June 2001 A Co-operative effort by the Candidate Countries
  to implement the Information Society in Europe
• e-Inclusion - The Information Society's potential for social inclusion in Europe Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2001)1428
• e-Inclusion - exploiting the opportunities of the information society for social inclusion - Council
  Resolution (2001/C 292/02)
• Europe’s Regions and the Information Society
• EU Tube - Sharing the sights and sounds of Europe on YouTube, Europa 7/5/2007
• Europe Leads in Mobile Internet Access, emarketer 10/26/2006
• EU acts over Greek games law, BBC 10/15/2004
• Commission grants 52 million euro to boost use of GRID – tomorrow’s Internet, EU 9/7/2004
• EU: Keep your hands off the Net, CNET 3/4/2004
• Commission warns eight Member States on telecom networks, EurActiv 10/9/03
• Declaration on freedom of communication on the Internet, CoE 8/14/03
• FCC Releases Staff Report on Broadband Internet Access in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED) Countries., FCC 10/9/03
• Declaration on freedom of communication on the Internet, CoE 6/2/03
• CoE - Why Europe still doesn't get the Internet, CNET 6/19/03
• Europe's ISPs Overrun with Website Take-Down Orders, Reuters 12/13/02
• Europeans flock online, Guardian 9/6/02
• European Lawmakers Discuss Net Issues, Infoworld 7/17/02
• Commission adopts blueprint to help put information and communication technologies at service of worlds' poor, RAPID 1/24/02
• Competition policy: new Notice on agreements of minor importance (de minimis Notice),, EC 1/9/02
• EU Commission puts broadband at top of e-strategy,  2/13/02
• Study: European broadband stifled, Reuters 2/4/02
• EU touts flat fee for Net access, CNET 11/28/01
• France announces ambitious 5-year Internet plan, Nando 07/10/01
• The Bureaucrat Nudging Europe onto the Net, BW 01/31/01
• AOL Europe says cheaper phone rates would mean Internet jobs in Germany NandoTimes 2/11

Armenia

• Armenia - Online journalist beaten by unknown assailants, RSF 5/1/2009

Bosnia

Year Regulator Established: 2001 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Notification. | ISP Price Regulation: n/a. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Britian

• London Internet Exchange
• Phone snooping 'prevented riot', BBC 8/18/2011
• David Cameron?s counterproductive attack on social media, Globe and Mail 8/12/2011
• Panicked over social media, Mr. Cameron joins company of autocrats, Globe and Mail 8/12/2011

Bulgaria

Year Regulator Established: 1998 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: None. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Czech Republic

Year Regulator Established: 2000 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Notification. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Estonia

Year Regulator Established: 1998 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Notification. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Finland

• Internet plan under attack (Finland), IHT 12/18/02

France

• Network Neutrality
• Sept. 20, 2012 ARCEP submits its report on Net neutrality to Parliament and the Government 
• ENUM (see ENUM)
• Internet Backbones
  • La décision n° 2012-0366 - Arcep
  • Verizon and AT&T statement regarding ARCEP's attempt to regulate Internet peering and transit agreements, June 21, 2012
  • French Legal and Regulatory Update, Hogal Lovells (April 2012).
  • investigation of Free / YouTube Conflict, Nov. 22, 2012 (cant find the English)
• Papers
  • Minitel and the French Internet: Path Dependence? - Julien Mailland, University of Southern California  TPRC 2009
• News
  • Beyond Kicking People Offline, France Raises Fines For Copyright Infringement To $440,000, Techdirt 9/24/2009
  • French court savages "three-strikes" law, tosses it out, Ars Technica 6/11/2009
  • France Declares Three Strikes Unconstitutional, EFF 6/11/2009
  • Three Strikes Law Against Internet Piracy Approved in France, CircleID 5/13/2009
  • French ISPs Agree To Censor The Web, Techdirt 6/13/2008
  • ITA France - Information on Access to the Internet & Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony Sept 1999
  • France bans 'e-mail' from vocabulary, CNN 7/21/03
  • France to scrutinize extremist Web sites following assassination attempt, France-Presse 7/19/02

Georgia

• 75-year-old accused of bringing down Georgia, Armenia Internet, Globe and Mail 4/8/2011
• 75-Year-Old Woman Cuts Off Entire Nation's Internet Service, Huff 4/8/2011

Germany

• germanygermany "Providers shall not be responsible for any third-party content to which they only provide access."  Sec. 5(3), Information and Communication Services Act, Germany.
• Germany launches criminal investigation of Google, CW 5/21/2010
• Google employees convicted over posting video of autistic teen, Globe and Mail 4/14/2010
• Wikileaks German Domain Suspended - As countries react poorly to leaked blacklists..., dslreports 4/14/2009
• Regulation of Broadcasting and Internet Services in Germany - A brief overview, Hans 4/28/03
• German state clings to neo-Nazi site ban, IDG 5/22/02

Greece

• Why Greece needs broadband and why it needs it now - a European perspective, Europa 6/5/2007
• Greece Still Having Trouble Figuring Out The Internet: Arrests Blog Aggregator For Aggregating Content It Doesn't Like, Techdirt 10/30/2006
• Court allows Greek gamers to play on, BBC 9/10/02
• Greeks fight computer game ban, BBC 9/6/02
• Greece declares game over, PCAdvisor 9/4/02

Hungary

• Year Regulator Established: 1990 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Formal. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Ireland

• Irish Internet Association
• Unmetered internet hits Ireland, BBC 6/27/03

Italy

• Serious threat to the web in Italy, Google 2/25/2010
• Sartor, Giovanni and Viola de Azevedo Cunha, Mario, The Italian Google-Case: Privacy, Freedom of Speech and Responsibility of Providers for User-Generated Contents (May 11, 2010).
• Italian Judge Declines To Dismiss Lawsuit Charging Google Execs As Criminals For YouTube Video, Techdirt 2/18/2009
• Ridiculous Criminal Trial Of Google Execs Begins In Italy, Techdirt 2/5/2009
• Google execs facing Italian judges over teen beating video (updated), Ars Technica 2/5/2009
• Italy proposes new media law Zini 10/15/02
• Report of the Task Force on Broadband Communications - Italy, Italy 2/4/02

Latvia

• Year Regulator Established: 1992 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: n/a. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Netherlands

Derived From: FTC Staff Report 2007 p 117: The Netherlands has been cited as Europe's leader in broadband penetration.569 This achievement is often credited to facilities-based competition between cable and DSL in a generally deregulated environment.570 At the beginning of telecommunications liberalization in Europe during the 1990s, it was left largely to the national governments of individual European Union ("EU") member states to decide whether and how local loops should be unbundled.571 During 1996 and 1997, Dutch government restrictions on offering telecommunications infrastructure were generally discontinued.572 Previously, incumbent monopoly telecom provider KPN had almost unrestricted rights in these fields. Local unbundling was implemented in 1999, and, consistent with subsequent EU rules, firms with significant market power also have special obligations, such as mandated interconnection at cost-based rates.573 The Dutch government also has subsidized Internet infrastructure projects and has provided tax breaks for computer purchases.574 In addition, the Netherlands generally is considered the most densely populated country in Western Europe, with an average population density of 1,037 people per square mile and 65 percent of its population living in urban areas.575 As a result, over 70 percent of the Dutch population lives in an apartment building, attached row house, or semi-detached house.

• Amersterdam Internet Exchange

Norway

• Telegeography report Sept 2001
• Norway MP plays PDA game during war debate, CNN 1/31/03

Poland

• Year Regulator Established: 2000 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Notification. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Romania

• Year Regulator Established: 2001 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Formal. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Russia

• STATEMENT FROM FCC CHAIRMAN JULIUS GENACHOWSKI ON THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION'S LEGISLATION ON BLACKLISTING WEBSITES.  STMT. News Media Contact: Neil Grace at 0506, email: Neil.Grace  OCHJG   TXT russiarussia
• Russia: Blogger Pays for Badmouthing Putin Online, Global Voices 2/16/2011
• From Russia With Malice, VOA 7/20/2011
• Russia Web site owner killed after arrest, CNET 9/2/2008
• Russia - Independent media threatened in Ingushetia - 27.05.2008, rsf 5/28/2008
• Russia Web site owner killed after arrest, CNET 9/2/2008
• Russia's Federal Security Bureau asks for broader powers to control telecommunications and Internet, ITU 4/29/2005

Slovakia

Year Regulator Established: 1993| Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: Notification. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)

Spain

• Spain mandates affordable broadband for all, CNET 11/24/2009
• Spanish broadband costs to fall next year, NUA 10/3/02

Turkey

• Year Regulator Established: 2000 | Approval Required for ISP to Start Operations: n/a. | ISP Price Regulation: No. | Source: Scott Wallsten, Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries, Table 1 (Draft Dec. 2002)
• Peter Wolcott & Seymour E Goodman, The Internet in Turkey and Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis 2000
• Turkish Reporters Finally Point Out That The Gov't Should Drop Its Silly YouTube Ban, Techdirt 3/12/2010

United Kingdom
See Industry: BT

• Links
• Ofcom Watch
• PM apology after Turing petition, BBC 9/15/2009
• Ofcom consultation on BT's NGN, Telecom Industry 8/27/2009
• 2007 OFCOM Communications Review, Telecom Industry and Regulation 8/24/2007
• MPs issued with Blackberry threat, BBC 2/11/2005
• Broadband in the UK growing fast, BBC 11/5/2004
• Ofcom warns on tighter Internet regulation, ZDNet 3/1/2004
• Mayor of London , "Broadband: Connecting to London 's Future".
• Oftel Frequently asked questions (FAQs) by Internet service providers about the new regulatory framework - Version 1:0 - 24 March 2003
• Review of the wholesale unmetered narrowband Internet termination market, consultation - 17 March 2003, Oftel 3/21/03
• Broadband use soars in Britain, IHT 10/9/02
• More Britons go online , Guardian 2/20/02
• Net snooping laws 'too costly', BBC 2/15/02
• 'Atom bomb' solution for fast net access, bbc 2/15/02
• Internet watchdog chief quits UK, ZDNet 1/9/02

Vatican

• John Paul brought church into online age, MSNBC 4/5/2005
• Pope gives Internet his blessing, MSNBC 5/13/02
• Pope goes online to spread the word, Guardian 2/28/02
• Vatican advocates Internet use, Nando 2/28/02
• Vatican: Beware Net's "customized" faith, CNET 2/28/02
• Pope Says Internet 'Wonderful' but Needs Regulating, Reuters 1/22/02
• Pope speaks of Net's goods and ills, CNET 1/22/02